Article 4. Basic concepts

For the purposes of this Law, the following basic concepts shall apply:

road facilities — structural elements of a road, including artificial structures (bridges, overpasses, suspension bridges, culverts, tunnels, and other engineering structures), protective structures (devices protecting roads from snowdrifts, landslides, subsidence, and other hazards), as well as road equipment elements (parking areas, passenger shelters, rest areas, parking lots, and others);

road owner — an enterprise, institution, organization, or individual in whose possession the road is;

road traffic — a set of social relations arising in the process of movement of vehicles and other participants within the road network;

participant in road traffic — a person directly involved in the process of road traffic as a driver, passenger, or pedestrian;

road traffic monitoring — the collection, systematization, processing, and analysis of information on key indicators of traffic management and on the condition of technical means used for traffic organization;

organization of road traffic — a set of organizational-legal, organizational-technical measures and management actions aimed at traffic regulation and ensuring road safety;

road traffic project audit — verification (independent of the design organization) of compliance of road design, construction, reconstruction, repair and operation results with the applicable normative and technical requirements for traffic organization;

technical means of road traffic organization — devices and installations intended for traffic regulation (road signs, lane markings, traffic lights, flashing beacons, road markings, posts, barriers, speed-limiting devices, gates, safety islands, automated traffic management systems, and other devices and structures);

road traffic safety — the state of road traffic reflecting the degree of protection of road users against traffic accidents and their consequences;

road capacity — the maximum traffic intensity indicator for vehicles moving in one direction on a specific section of the road;

road traffic accident — an event occurring during the movement of a vehicle on a road or involving a vehicle, which results in the death or injury of people, damage to vehicles, structures, cargo, or other material losses;

railway crossing — a place where a road and railway intersect at the same level;