Article 49. Third parties who do not make independent claims on the subject matter of the dispute

Third parties who do not make independent claims on the subject matter of the dispute may intervene on the side of the plaintiff or defendant before the court decision, if the decision in the case may affect their rights or responsibilities with regard to either of the parties. They may also be invited to participate in the case at the request of the parties, the prosecutor or other persons participating in the case or upon the court's initiative.

Third parties who do not make independent claims on the subject matter of the dispute shall enjoy procedural rights and bear procedural obligations of the parties, except for the right to change the grounds or subject matter, increase or decrease the size of the claims asserted, or to waive them.

If a third party who does not file an independent claim against the subject of the dispute acknowledges the claim that the plaintiff's rights were violated as a result of his actions or omissions, the court has the right to make a decision to impose the obligation on a third party. In similar cases, a settlement agreement or mediation agreement between the plaintiff and an independent claimant and a third party who does not file a claim is allowed.

If the third party who does not make independent claims on the subject matter of the dispute has entered the case after the beginning of the trial, the case shall be heard from the beginning.